Centering diverse contributions written by scholars from the regions themselves – many of whom represent a new generation born after the Soviet collapse – this edited volume presents one of the most comprehensive studies of Central Asia and the South Caucasus to date. The book’s dual-regional scope is unique: by examining Central Asia and the South Caucasus side by side, the volume enables comparative insights into how different societies grapple with shared legacies of empire, contested borders, energy economies, religion, migration, and environmental crises. The first part of the volume provides in-depth country profiles that blend history, political analysis, and social dynamics, while the second part analyzes thematic issues ranging from the role of social media and grassroots activism to the role of religion in everyday lives and environmental degradation. Chapters introduce fresh approaches to understanding historical trajectories, authoritarian resilience, social movements, and decolonial debates. The volume also interrogates Russia’s ongoing influence, China’s rising role, and the regions’ complex positioning between East and West. The collection offers an indispensable resource for students, policymakers, and academics seeking to understand the evolving politics, societies, and identities of these neighboring regions.